Category: Communication

Diffusion is the net movement (the difference between the number of molecules either entering or leaving the cell) of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It continues until the concentration of substances is unified throughout the cell. Oxygen can diffuse through cell membranes. And since there difference between the number of oxygen molecules entering the cell is higher the oxygen molecules leaving the cell, the net movement is into the cell.

Cellular diffusion is similar to chemical diffusion, the only difference is that the atoms move from high chemical potential to low chemical potential.

Diffusion is  more efficient in small single-celled microorganisms. Diffusion becomes less efficient as the surface to volume ratio decreases, so diffusion is less effective in larger animals. To overcome the limitations of diffusion, multi-cellular organisms have developed specialized tissues and systems that are responsible for completing a limited number of nutrient and waste tasks.

The rate of diffusion increases as the temperature increases. At higher temperatures, particles move faster because more energy is available to diffuse them. The rate of diffusion increases as the concentration difference increases. The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to a particle’s distance.

let’s consider a cubical cell 10 microns on each side. The volume is 1000 cubic microns which is served by 600 sq microns of surface to allow nutrients an oxygen in and waste out, and mainly to allow diffusion. Double cell size and volume goes up to 8000 cubic microns, but the surface only increases to 2400 sq microns. The surface to volume ratio is now half compared to the smaller cell. At some point the ratio drops to the point where not enough material can cross the membrane to supply the cell.

Lady Macbeth gets the guards drunk and then she seemed to be confident about.  Macbeth killed Duncan but he left the daggers with him. Lady Macbeth told him to put them in Duncan’s room so that the guards get suspected. Macbeth refused saying that he feels guilty and that he will never sleep again. Lady Macbeth takes the daggers and put’s them next to Duncan. Macbeth felt even more guilty and he said.

MACBETH

     Whence is that knocking?

How is ’t with me when every noise appals me?

What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes.

Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood

Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather

The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red.

MACBETH

To know my deed, ’twere best not know myself.

                                                                           Knock within
Wake Duncan with thy knocking. I would thou couldst.

Functions:

• The cell wall gives external protection to the cell, keeps the cell from evaporating because of the heat. Plus the cell wall manages the cell’s waste matter.
• The cell (plasma) membrane controls the substance in and out the cell.
• The Golgi Apparatus gathers simple molecules to make macro-molecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
• The Golgi Vesicles is all what is packaged from The Golgi Apparatus. And then The Golgi Vesicles can travel to other cells.
• The Nucleolus can be thought of as the “brain of the nucleolus”. the nucleolus’ main function is to rewrite ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins.
• The Nucleus is the “brain of the cell” and it contains DNA. The Nucleus contains most of the genetic material of the cell.
• The Ribosomes make proteins which are necessary repairing damage or directing chemical processes of a cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough ER) folds protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transports the synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.
• The Microtubules move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins.
• The Mitochondrion take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy rich molecules for the cell.
• The Cytoplasm is responsible for giving a cell its shape.
• The Centrioles help the cell to divide.
• The Lysosomes are in charge of digestion and waste removal.
• A pinocytotic vesicle aids in transportation as a cell’s plasma membrane absorbs molecules from outside.
• The Amyloplast transform glucose into starch through the process of polymerization, and store starch grains within their stretched membranes.
• The Chloroplast converts the sun light energy to be used as useful sugar in the plant cell.
• The Vacuole Membranes are storage bubbles.
• The Raphide Crystal repels animals away from plants.
• The Druse Crystal helps to protect the plant.
  

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In Plant Cell:
Nucleus
Nucleolus
One Large Vacuole
Plasma Membrane
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Lysosme

In Animal Cell:
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Several Small Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Aparatus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Lysosome

1. Plant Cells contain a cell wall to further protect the cell, Animal Cells do not~
2. Plant Cell contain chloroplasts to absorb light energy and turn it into food, Animal Cells do not
3. Animal Cells contain centriole for reproductive purposes, Plant Cells do not.

The cell is the smallest structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms.
The tissue is a group of cells from the same origin that have a specific function.
An organ is a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function.
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to preform functions.

Dramatic Irony: Click on the picture to see the original link.

1. Pathetic fallacy:is when a character’s emotions (atmosphere) is reflected by the nature. E.g. When a character is crying it starts raining, or when a character is angry there will be lighting.
Example from Macbeth; Act 1 Scene 1.
The night that Macbeth decides to kill Duncan. Their were no stars in the sky.

Banquo,” Hold, take my sword – there’s husbandry in heaven, their candles are all out.- ”
(Macbeth, Act 2 Scene 1, lines 4 and 5.)

That shows how big the tension and the distribution that the killing of Duncan plan did.

2. Paradox: is when two things that cannot be occurring in the time, happen in the same time.

ALL:
Fair is foul, and foul is fair: 
Hover through the fog and filthy air.
(Macbeth, Act 1 Scene 1, lines 12 and 13.

Metaphysics: Physics is the act of observing things that exist, e.g. atoms, mass, movement…etc. Meta is the Greek prefix that means beyond. So if something is metaphysical it means that it is beyond being observed. E.g. God, Heaven and Hell,love…
So when Macbeth is talking about an imaginary dagger, that he is the only one that can see it, and he cannot feel it. That is metaphysical because the dagger can not be treated and observed.

Macbeth: 

Is this a dagger which I see before me,

The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.

I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.

Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible

To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but

A dagger of the mind, a false creation,

Proceeding from the heat-oppressèd brain?

I see thee yet, in form as palpable

As this which now I draw.

In the start of the scene, everything that is happening seems to not be normal, all of things that were happening indicates how dark is the plan of killing Duncan. Banquo had a bad dream, which made him remember to give Lady Macbeth the diamond that the King brought especially for her. Which shows how bad Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s plans are. Macbeth then tells the servant to go to sleep to than Macbeth imagines a dagger with handle pointing toward him, full of blood. Macbeth the has a soliloquy (a soliloquy is when a person talks to himself trying to persuade himself of doing something) that ended with him thinking that it is a sign to conform the killing of Duncan. I think that Macbeth is acting against god’s will, and that he is disturbing the natural order.

MACBETH

(to the SERVANT) Go bid thy mistress, when my drink is ready,

She strike upon the bell. Get thee to bed.

                                                                             Exit SERVANT

Is this a dagger which I see before me,

The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.

I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.

Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible

To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but

A dagger of the mind, a false creation,

Proceeding from the heat-oppressèd brain?

I see thee yet, in form as palpable

As this which now I draw.

Thou marshall’st me the way that I was going,

And such an instrument I was to use.

Mine eyes are made the fools o’ th’ other senses,

Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still,

And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood,

Which was not so before. There’s no such thing.

It is the bloody business which informs

Thus to mine eyes. Now o’er the one half-world

Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse

The curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates

Pale Hecate’s offerings, and withered murder,

Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf,

Whose howl’s his watch, thus with his stealthy pace,

With Tarquin’s ravishing strides, towards his design

Moves like a ghost. Thou sure and firm-set earth,

Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear

Thy very stones prate of my whereabout,

And take the present horror from the time,

Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives.

Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.

Prokaryotic cells are cells that are unicellular orgasnisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structure. And they do not have a nucleus. However they do have something like a nucleus, it is called a nucleoid. That is were the DNA is kept.
Eukaryotic cells are cells that have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
“Eukaryotic cells are a more evolved cell version of a prokaryotic cell.”

Macbeth:

Away, and mock the time with fairest show, false face hide what the false heart doth know.

Just mock the time until this show is done, and then hide all the things that happened on yo evil heart.

The king and Lady Macbeth treat each other with respect. Which shows how Lady Macbeth is being a flower but a serpent underneath.

Macbeth:

Besides, this Duncan

Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been

So clear in his great office, that his virtues

Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against

The deep damnation of his taking-off;

Besides, Duncan has born his faculties so gentle, has been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will be emotionally appealed like angles. And the angles are playing trumpets against the injustice of the killing of him.

Macbeth:

But in these cases
We still have judgment here, that we but teach
Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return
To plague th’ inventor: